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While belief in the sanctity of human life has ancient precedents in many religions of the world, the foundations of modern human rights began during the era of renaissance humanism in the early modern period. The European wars of religion and the civil wars of...

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For the history of the Catholic Church in general, see Timeline of the Catholic Church and History of the Catholic Church. The history of the papacy, the office held by the pope as head of the Catholic Church, according to Catholic doctrine, spans from the time of...

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PRIMARY. DOCUMENT SUMMARY In this bull, Pope Alexander VI is responding to Christopher Columbus’ exploration of North and South America, which was sponsored by the king and queen of Spain. The Pope decrees that land “discovered” by envoys of the...

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The Bull Romanus Pontifex (1455) and the early European trading in sub-Saharan Atlantic Africa. IN 1460, AN INTERLOPER captured while trading in West Africa without a licence (2) was publicly tortured on the wheel and burned at the stake, together with his illicitly...

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Dum Diversas (English: Until different) is a papal bull issued on 18 June 1452 by Pope Nicholas V. It authorized Afonso V of Portugal to conquer Saracens and pagans and consign them to “perpetual servitude”.[1][2] Pope Calixtus III reiterated the bull in 1456 with...

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On 25 February 1570 Pope Pius v issued the bull Regnans in Excelsis, which declared Queen Elizabeth ofEngland excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church and deprived her of her sovereignty inEngland and Ireland.2 Apr...